Barrett, C. B., & Constas, M. A. (2014). Toward a theory of resilience for international development applications.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(40), 14625–14630.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320880111
Birch, I., & Grahn, R. (2007). Pastoralism: Managing multiple stressors and the threat of climate variability and change (UNDP Human Development Report Occasional Paper 2007/13). United Nations Development Programme.
Chantarat, S., Mude, A., Barrett, C. B., & Carter, M. (2012). Designing index-based livestock insurance for managing asset risk in northern Kenya.
The Journal of Risk and Insurance, 80(1), 205–237.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6975.2012.01514.x
Churu, H., Kamau, S., Ngetich, W., Magiroi, K., Bonface, A., Kebeney, S., Wamalwa, F., & Mumo, J. (2023). Spatial–temporal influence of sand dams on chemical and microbial properties of water from scooping holes in degraded semi-arid regions.
Water, 15(18), 3207.
https://doi.org/10.3390/w15183207
DeCaro, D., & Stokes, M. (2017). Social-ecological resilience and law in the face of climate change.
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 15(7), 382–390.
https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1519
DelGrosso, Z. L., Hodges, C. C., & Dymond, R. L. (2019). Identifying key factors for implementation and maintenance of green stormwater infrastructure.
Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment, 5(3), 04019003.
https://doi.org/10.1061/JSWBAY.0000878
Diaz, H. F., & Markgraf, V. (Eds.). (2000).
El Niño and the Southern Oscillation: Multiscale variability and global and regional impacts. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511573125
Espejel-García, V., Anthony, E., Ren, M., Macdonald, R., & White, J. (2007). Magma recharge and mixing processes that triggered the eruption of trachytes and phonolites at Suswa Volcano, Kenya Rift, East Africa. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2007, V33B-1342.
Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET). (2021).
East Africa seasonal monitor.
https://fews.net
Foster, T., Furey, S., Banks, B., & Willetts, J. (2019). Functionality of handpump water supplies: A review of data from sub-Saharan Africa and the Asia-Pacific region.
International Journal of Water Resources Development, 36(1), 1–15.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2018.1543117
Hem, J. D. (1985). Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water (3rd ed., USGS Water-Supply Paper 2254). U.S. Geological Survey.
Kiringe, J. W., Mwaura, F. B., & Warinwa, F. (2016). Characterization of water source types and uses in Kirisia Forest watershed, Samburu County, Kenya.
Environment and Natural Resources Research, 6(3), 77–91.
https://doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v6n3p77
Koech, R., Nyandiga, C., Musimba, N., & Koech, O. (2018). Impact of human activities on water quality and plankton diversity in Lake Naivasha, Kenya. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 6(6), 164–172.
Komina, H. A., Abotsi, K. E., Kokou, K., Dendi, D., Segniagbeto, G. H., Fa, J. E., & Luiselli, L. (2019). Ecological challenges for the buffer zone management of a West African National Park.
Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 62(12), 2147–2164.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2019.1603844
Makokha, M., Obiero, C., Mwangi, H., Mburu, D., et al. (2024). Water resources availability and accessibility for water security and improved livelihoods in Kenyan drylands: Case study of Isiolo and Samburu Counties.
International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 11(2), 38–51.
https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1390273
Mekuria, W., Veldkamp, E., Haile, M., Nyssen, J., Muys, B., & Gebrehiwot, K. (2011). Effectiveness of exclosures to restore degraded soils as a result of overgrazing in Tigray, Ethiopia.
Journal of Arid Environments, 75(8), 783–787.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.04.007
Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI), Kenya. (2015). Practice manual for small dams, pans and other water conservation structures in Kenya.
Mortimore, M., Anderson, S., & Cotula, L. (2009). Dryland opportunities: A new paradigm for people, ecosystems and development. IIED.
Mutsotso, R. B., Sichangi, A. W., & Makokha, G. O. (2018). Spatio-temporal drought characterization in Kenya from 1987 to 2016.
Advances in Remote Sensing, 7(2), 125–143.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ars.2018.72009
NASA POWER. (2025). Prediction Of Worldwide Energy Resource Data Access Viewer. NASA Langley Research Center. Retrieved from
https://power.larc.nasa.gov
Ngaina, J. N., & Mutai, B. K. (2013). Observational evidence of climate change on extreme events over East Africa. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 6(5), 151–163.
Nyariki, D. M., Amwata, D. A., & Wasonga, O. V. (2008). Effects of grazing pressure on soil physical and chemical properties in a semi-arid rangeland of Kenya.
Journal of Arid Environments, 72(1), 68–78.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2007.06.001
Oba, G., Post, E., & Stenseth, N. C. (2001). Bush cover and range condition assessment in relation to landscape and grazing in southern Ethiopia.
Landscape Ecology, 16(7), 605–618.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013145332103
Omondi, P. A., Awange, J. L., Forootan, E., Ogallo, L. A., Barakiza, R., Girmaw, G. B., Fesseha, I., Kululetera, V., Kilembe, C., Mbati, M. M., & Kilavi, M. (2014). Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes over the Greater Horn of Africa region from 1961 to 2010.
International Journal of Climatology, 34(4), 1262–1277.
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3763
Reed, M. S., & Stringer, L. C. (2015). Land degradation, desertification and climate change: Anticipating, assessing and adapting to future change. Routledge.
Reid, R. S., Kruska, R. L., Muthui, N., Taye, A., Wotton, S., & Wilson, C. J. (2004). Land-use dynamics in the Marsabit–Lake Turkana area of northern Kenya and their implications for resource management.
Human Ecology, 32(1), 106–130.
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HUEC.0000015212.80582.6f
Safriel, U., Adeel, Z., Niemeijer, D., Puigdefabregas, J., White, R., Lal, R., Winslow, M., Ziedler, J., Prince, S., Archer, E., King, C., Scholes, R., & Reynolds, J. (2005). Dryland systems. In Ecosystems and human well-being: Current state and trends (pp. 623–662). Island Press.
Schilling, J., Akuno, M., Scheffran, J., & Weinzierl, T. (2014). On raids and relations: Climate change and pastoral conflict in northern Kenya.
Climate and Development, 6(3), 225–235.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2014.900603
Seddon, D., Kashaigili, J. J., Taylor, R. G., Cuthbert, M. O., Mwihumbo, C., & MacDonald, A. M. (2021). Focused groundwater recharge in a tropical dryland: Empirical evidence from central, semi-arid Tanzania.
Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 37, 100919.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2021.100919
Smidt, E., Creighton, J., & Mason, L. (2016). Water governance and the politics of scale.
Environmental Policy and Governance, 26(2), 101–113.
https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1701
Smith, A. B., & Jones, C. E. (2020). Water resources in arid regions: A multidimensional approach to management.
Water Resources Research, 56(8), e2020WR027348.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR027348
Stenfert Kroese, J., Batista, P. V. G., Jacobs, S. R. (2020). Agricultural land is the main source of stream sediments after conversion of an African montane forest.
Scientific Reports, 10, 14827.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71924-9
Villeneuve, B., Souchon, Y., Usseglio-Polatera, P., Ferréol, M., & Valette, L. (2015). Can we predict biological condition of stream ecosystems? A multi-stressors approach linking three biological indices to physico-chemistry, hydromorphology and land use.
Ecological Indicators, 48, 88–98.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.07.016